New research using New Zealand’s largest longitudinal study of child development has identified key behaviours to support pre-school children to develop self-control, a key indicator of adult wellbeing.  

The research, funded through the Ministry of Social Development’s Children and Families Research Fund, identified family characteristics, such as reading books, rules around screen time and supportive parent-child relationships, which encourage the growth of this key skill.

The study is the first to take a longitudinal look at the development of self-control in a large cohort from such a young age and drew on information provided by Growing Up in New Zealand.

University of Auckland Associate Professor of Psychology, Dr Elizabeth Peterson, says the research is important because self-control is thought to be a key indicator of future life outcomes.

“Self-control measures a child’s ability to stop acting on an immediate impulse.  Levels of self-control in childhood have been found to be predictors of future education, health and financial wellbeing.

“Children with lower levels of self-control are more likely to experience drug and alcohol problems and have involvement with the criminal justice system as adults, so expanding our knowledge about what can promote early self-control in our children is really important,” she says.

Dr Peterson says the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study pioneered research into self-control in children and this latest report adds to that body of knowledge.  

The new research used a range of tools to measure self-control at three discrete time periods in the pre-school years: nine-months, two-years and four-and-a-half years.  
It also looked at a range of factors to determine how they might be associated with the development of self-control at a population level, including socio-demographics; child health and disability; maternal health and employment; use of childcare; family stress; parenting behaviour; and neighbourhood belonging.

It identified several key family behaviours which seem to be associated with improved levels of self-control for all children including:  

• Reading books or telling stories to children
• Implementing rules around screen time
• Shared and supportive parent-child interactions.

Dr Peterson says it may be that warm and responsive relationships and structured environments provide an opportunity for parents to coach and model self-regulatory skills.

Growing Up in New Zealand principal investigator, Professor Susan Morton, says the research supports recent evidence that that self-control development fluctuates in early childhood.

The study found that while more than 60% of children had average to high levels of self-control throughout the pre-school years, a further 39% showed lower levels of self-control at one or more time points.  Only 1% of children were classified as persistently low in self-control.

“The high degree of change in low self-control across the pre-school years means that identifying individual children who are likely to demonstrate persistent poor self-control is difficult because, at the individual level, change in self-control development is the norm,” she says.

Professor Morton says this means while it may be possible to look back in time and examine the long term impact of  low childhood self-control; it does not mean we are able to predict which individual children will end up experiencing consistently low self-control and which individuals will go on to experience poorer wellbeing in adult life.

The study did find that children who were classified as having lower levels of self-control at two or more time points, compared to their peers with average or high self-control, were more likely to:

• Be boys
• Be read to less by their parents
• Have a mother who had experienced post-natal depression
• Have fewer rules around screen time.
• Have a more permissive parenting style
• Have greater interaction with family social services
• Live in less well-resourced neighbourhood environments.

Children who were found to have lower levels of self-control were also found to have less pro-social behaviour and greater levels of hyperactivity.

Dr Peterson says further research is now needed to explore the stability of self-control into middle childhood and beyond.  

She notes that more research is also needed to understand the implications of higher levels of self-control, as this has been linked with rigid thinking and behaviour, less creativity and poorer mental health.

Dr Peterson says Growing Up in New Zealand offers the perfect opportunity to learn more about the development of self-control over the lifespan and the factors that promote or undermine it.

You can read the full report Early Self-Control Development: Prevalence, Persistence and Change in a New Zealand Cohort here.

Key Details:

• Self-control is the ability to alter your response to something to meet appropriate standards and resist the urge to act on an impulse.
• Most children in this study demonstrated consistent levels of average to high self-control across the pre-school years.
• Behaviours such as reading books or telling stories to children, implementing rules around screen time, and encouraging shared and respectful parent-child interactions may help to develop children’s self-control.
• Lower self-control was associated with less pro-social behaviour and greater hyperactivity in pre-school children.
• Children who are more likely to demonstrate persistently low self-control are more likely to be boys; have a mother who experienced post-natal depression; have greater interaction with family social services; and live in a neighbourhoods with fewer resources.
• Interventions or strategies that encourage parents to have more shared parent-child interactions and to have rules around screen time may be beneficial in helping to develop self-control.
• It may be possible to look back in time and examine the long term impact of  low childhood self-control; but that does not mean we are able to predict which individual children will end up experiencing consistently low self-control and which individuals will go on to experience poorer wellbeing in adult life.
• Families living in neighbourhoods that have fewer resources, those who are in contact with social and family services, and those who have a mother who has experienced post-natal depression may need additional support for their children to reduce possible inequities in self-control development.